Petri dishes used in research

Armistead Lab

Investigating T Cells in Human Milk as a Tool to Prevent Infectious Diseases in Early Life

Worldwide, respiratory and enteric infections are leading causes of death and illness in children under one year of age. Exposure to breastmilk in the first year of life is protective against both the incidence and severity of these infections, an effect most often attributed to the passive transfer of bioactive compounds in human milk such as antibodies. However, human milk also contains a high frequency of T cells, which have unknown specificity and function.

Mechanistic studies on the establishment, specificity, response and protective function of breastmilk T cells are needed to more completely understand how breastmilk bolsters protective immunity against respiratory and enteric pathogens during the critical window of vulnerability in infancy. Further, such studies are essential to the rational design of maternally directed strategies that aim to maximize the immunologic benefits conferred to nursing infants and subsequently reduce the burden of infection in infancy.

The Armistead Lab at Seattle Children’s investigates cellular immunity in the lactating breast as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of respiratory and enteric infections in infants. We seek to accomplish this through three overarching projects that aim to:

  • Elucidate a novel respiratory-mammary axis of T cell immunity.
  • Define the pathogen-specific T cell repertoire in human breastmilk.
  • Investigate mechanisms of milk-derived T cell immunity in offspring using preclinical models.

Meet Our Team

  • Nia Barr-Jeffrey

    Nia Barr-Jeffrey

    Undergraduate Student

    Nia is an undergraduate at Seattle Pacific University majoring in Cell and Molecular Biology. She is passionate about maternal-infant medicine and global health.

  • Holly Barrett, PhD

    Holly Barrett, PhD

    Postdoctoral Researcher

    Holly earned her PhD in Pathobiology at UW, studying vaccine-mediated T cell responses against M. tuberculosis. Her current interests include using translational approaches to study breastmilk T cells in the context of infectious diseases. Outside the lab, she and her partner enjoy board games and training their dog.

  • Caitlin Ginn

    Caitlin Ginn

    Undergraduate Student

    Caitlin is an undergraduate at the University of Washington, studying Biology and Art. In the Armistead Lab, she works on the growth and curation of the lab’s clinical sample repository. In her free time, she likes to sail, do ceramics and cook.

  • Phoenicia Quach

    Phoenicia Quach

    Research Associate III

    Phoenicia earned her B.S. in Biology from the University of Washington while working in the Rajagopal Lab at Seattle Children’s Research Institute. She then transitioned into the biotech industry for several years focusing on IND- enabling and preclinical in vitro/ in vivo studies in both cancer and autoimmune therapies. Outside of the lab, she enjoys cooking for friends and family and camping.

Contact Us

Blair Armistead, PhD, MPH

For questions or inquiries,
email: [email protected]

Physical Address

Center for Global Infectious Disease Research
1916 Boren Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101