Petri dishes used in research

Armistead Lab

Explore Our Research

Investigating Breastmilk T Cells and Neonatal Immunity to Respiratory and Enteric

Worldwide, respiratory and enteric infections are leading causes of death and illness in children under one year of age. Exposure to breastmilk in the first year of life is protective against both the incidence and severity of these infections, an effect most often attributed to the passive transfer of bioactive compounds in human milk such as antibodies. However, human milk also contains a high frequency of T cells, which have unknown specificity and function. 

Mechanistic studies on the establishment, specificity, response and protective function of breastmilk T cells are needed to more completely understand how breastmilk bolsters protective immunity against respiratory and enteric pathogens during the critical window of vulnerability in infancy. Further, such studies are essential to the rational design of maternally directed strategies that aim to maximize the immunologic benefits conferred to nursing infants and subsequently reduce the burden of infection in infancy.

The Armistead Lab at Seattle Children’s investigates cellular immunity in the lactating breast as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of respiratory and enteric infections in infants. We seek to accomplish this through three overarching projects that aim to:

  • elucidate a novel respiratory-mammary axis of T cell immunity;
  • define the pathogen-specific T cell repertoire in human breastmilk;
  • investigate mechanisms of milk-derived T cell immunity in offspring using preclinical models.

Meet Our Team

  • Nia Barr-Jeffrey

    Nia Barr-Jeffrey

    Undergraduate Student

  • Holly Barrett, PhD

    Holly Barrett, PhD

    Postdoctoral Researcher

    Holly earned her PhD in Pathobiology at UW, studying vaccine-mediated T cell responses against M. tuberculosis. Her current interests include using translational approaches to study breastmilk T cells in the context of infectious diseases. Outside the lab, she and her partner enjoy board games and training their dog.

  • Caitlin Ginn

    Caitlin Ginn

    Undergraduate Student

  • Phoenicia Quach

    Phoenicia Quach

    Research Associate III

Contact Us

Blair Armistead, PhD, MPH

For questions or inquiries,
email: [email protected]

Physical Address

Center for Global Infectious Disease Research
1916 Boren Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101