Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch, MD, DPhil
Ophthalmology, Craniofacial Center, Vascular Anomalies
On staff since November 2012
Research Center: Center for Clinical and Translational Research
Language (Other than English): Spanish
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Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch, MD, DPhil, is an attending physician at Seattle Childrens Hospital and Associate Professor Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Washington. She earned her medical degree at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, and her doctorate in neurophysiology at the University of Oxford, England. She completed her residency at the Doheny Eye Institute/USC and a fellowship in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. Tarczy-Hornochs research interests focus on visual neuroscience and development, strabismus, amblyopia and the epidemiology of pediatric eye disease.
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I highly recommend Dr. Tarczy-Hornoch. She is an excellent doctor. She’s knowledgeable about the rather rare condition my son has that impacts his eyes. We see her every six months. My toddler trusts her to do many extensive eye tests. I trust her very much and appreciate her answering my questions.
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The moment we met Dr. Tarczy-Hornoch with our 2-year old daughter, we knew she was in great hands. Both of her tear ducts were blocked. Dr. Tarzey-Hornoch took the time to clearly explain what was causing the condition and what the procedure would entail. She did not pressure or rush us into surgery. It turned out my daughter’s condition completely cleared up at age 3. We felt well informed and would trust her if she felt surgery was required. She had been recommended by a friend whose daughter had a very successful tear duct surgery with her.
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Award Name Award Description Awarded By Award Date Top Doctors in Pasadena Award 2010 - 2012 Award for Excellence in Resident Training Doheny Eye Institute 2008 Best Research Poster Saban Research Institute 2006 Resident Research Award Doheny Eye Institute 2001 Overseas Research Student Award, U.K. 1993 Wellcome Trust Prize Studentship Award Wellcome Trust, U.K. 1993 Gladys Richardson-Evans Scholarship St. Hilda's College, University of Oxford 1991 Nuffield Science Prize St. Hilda's College, University of Oxford 1990 -
Other Publications
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Manh V, Chen AM, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Candy TRAccommodative performance of children with unilateral amblyopia.
25626970 Investigative ophthalmology and visual science, 2015 Jan 27 : 56(2)1193-207 PMCID:PMC4334148 -
Xie JZ, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Lin J, Cotter SA, Torres M, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupColor vision deficiency in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
24702753 Ophthalmology, 2014 July : 121(7)1469-74 -
Wen G, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Cotter SA, Borchert M, Lin J, Kim J, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupPrevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in non-Hispanic white and Asian children: multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
23953098 Ophthalmology, 2013 Oct. : 120(10)2109-16 -
McKean-Cowdin R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Wen G, Kim J, Borchert M, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupPrevalence of amblyopia or strabismus in asian and non-Hispanic white preschool children: multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
23697956 Ophthalmology, 2013 Oct. : 120(10)2117-24 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Borchert M, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin J, Wen G, Kim J, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupPrevalence and causes of visual impairment in Asian and non-Hispanic white preschool children: Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
23561327 Ophthalmology, 2013 June : 120(6)1220-6 -
Tarczy-Hornoch KAccommodative lag and refractive error in infants and toddlers.
22424817 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2012 April : 16(2)112-7 PMCID:PMC3336047 -
Tarczy-Hornoch KAccommodative lag and refractive error in infants and toddlers.
22424817 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2012 April : 16(2)112-7 PMCID:PMC3336047 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Varma R, Cotter SA, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin JH, Borchert MS, Torres M, Wen G, Azen SP, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors for decreased visual acuity in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856014 Ophthalmology, 2011 Nov. : 118(11)2262-73 PMCID:PMC3208077 -
Chen VJ, Tarczy-Hornoch KFunctional magnetic resonance imaging of binocular interactions in visual cortex in strabismus.
21117523 Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 2011 Nov. : 48(6)366-74 -
Chen VJ, Tarczy-Hornoch KFunctional magnetic resonance imaging of binocular interactions in visual cortex in strabismus.
21117523 Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 2011 Nov. : 48(6)366-74 -
Cotter SA, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin J, Wen G, Wei J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856012 Ophthalmology, 2011 Nov. : 118(11)2251-61 PMCID:PMC3208120 -
Cotter SA, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin J, Wen G, Wei J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856012 Ophthalmology, 2011 Nov. : 118(11)2251-61 PMCID:PMC3208120 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Varma R, Cotter SA, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin JH, Borchert MS, Torres M, Wen G, Azen SP, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors for decreased visual acuity in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856014 Ophthalmology, 2011 Nov. : 118(11)2262-73 PMCID:PMC3208077 -
McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Borchert MS, Lin JH, Wen G, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors for astigmatism in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856010 Ophthalmology, 2011 Oct. : 118(10)1974-81 PMCID:PMC3186875 -
McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Borchert MS, Lin JH, Wen G, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors for astigmatism in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856010 Ophthalmology, 2011 Oct. : 118(10)1974-81 PMCID:PMC3186875 -
McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Borchert MS, Lin JH, Wen G, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors for astigmatism in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856010 Ophthalmology, 2011 Oct. : 118(10)1974-81 PMCID:PMC3186875 -
Borchert MS, Varma R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin JH, Wen G, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano L, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupsRisk factors for hyperopia and myopia in preschool children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies.
21856013 Ophthalmology, 2011 Oct. : 118(10)1966-73 PMCID:PMC3186878 -
Wen G, McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Borchert M, Azen S, Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupGeneral health-related quality of life in preschool children with strabismus or amblyopia.
20884059 Ophthalmology, 2011 March : 118(3)574-80 PMCID:PMC3017225 -
Wen G, McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Borchert M, Azen S, Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupGeneral health-related quality of life in preschool children with strabismus or amblyopia.
20884059 Ophthalmology, 2011 March : 118(3)574-80 PMCID:PMC3017225 -
Fozailoff A, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter S, Wen G, Lin J, Borchert M, Azen S, Varma R, Writing Committee for the MEPEDS Study GroupPrevalence of astigmatism in 6- to 72-month-old African American and Hispanic children: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
20888047 Ophthalmology, 2011 Feb. : 118(2)284-93 PMCID:PMC3017730 -
Fozailoff A, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter S, Wen G, Lin J, Borchert M, Azen S, Varma R, Writing Committee for the MEPEDS Study GroupPrevalence of astigmatism in 6- to 72-month-old African American and Hispanic children: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
20888047 Ophthalmology, 2011 Feb. : 118(2)284-93 PMCID:PMC3017730 -
Borchert MS, Varma R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin JH, Wen G, Azen SP, Torres M, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Giordano LMulti-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. Risk factors for hyperopia and myopia in preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study
Ophthalmology, 2011 : 1181966-73 -
Nazarian-Mobin SS, Simms K, Urata MM, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Hammoudeh JAMisleading presentation of an orbital lymphangioma.
20031456 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2010 Feb. : 109(2)e82-5 -
Nazarian-Mobin SS, Simms K, Urata MM, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Hammoudeh JAMisleading presentation of an orbital lymphangioma.
20031456 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2010 Feb. : 109(2)e82-5 -
Fozailoff A. lead author for writing committee of MEPEDS Group, including Tarczy-Hornoch KPrevalence of spherical equivalent refractive error in African-American and Hispanic preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
Ophthalmology, 2010 : 117(e3)140-7 -
Borchert M, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Liu N, Azen SP, Varma R, MEPEDS GroupAnisometropia in Hispanic and african american infants and young children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
19818509 Ophthalmology, 2010 Jan. : 117(1)148-153.e1 PMCID:PMC2814917 -
Borchert M, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Liu N, Azen SP, Varma R, MEPEDS GroupAnisometropia in Hispanic and african american infants and young children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
19818509 Ophthalmology, 2010 Jan. : 117(1)148-153.e1 PMCID:PMC2814917 -
Tarczy-Hornoch KModified bell retinoscopy: measuring accommodative lag in children.
19797992 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2009 Dec. : 86(12)1337-45 PMCID:PMC2806242 -
Tarczy-Hornoch KModified bell retinoscopy: measuring accommodative lag in children.
19797992 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2009 Dec. : 86(12)1337-45 PMCID:PMC2806242 -
Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) GroupPrevalence and causes of visual impairment in African-American and Hispanic preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
19592106 Ophthalmology, 2009 Oct. : 116(10)1990-2000.e1 PMCID:PMC2757506 -
Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) GroupPrevalence and causes of visual impairment in African-American and Hispanic preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
19592106 Ophthalmology, 2009 Oct. : 116(10)1990-2000.e1 PMCID:PMC2757506 -
Pan Y, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Wen G, Borchert MS, Azen SP, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupVisual acuity norms in pre-school children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
19430325 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2009 June : 86(6)607-12 PMCID:PMC2742505 -
Pan Y, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Wen G, Borchert MS, Azen SP, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupVisual acuity norms in pre-school children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
19430325 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2009 June : 86(6)607-12 PMCID:PMC2742505 -
Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Song E, Lin J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupFixation preference and visual acuity testing in a population-based cohort of preschool children with amblyopia risk factors.
18962921 Ophthalmology, 2009 Jan. : 116(1)145-53 PMCID:PMC2699252 -
Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Song E, Lin J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupFixation preference and visual acuity testing in a population-based cohort of preschool children with amblyopia risk factors.
18962921 Ophthalmology, 2009 Jan. : 116(1)145-53 PMCID:PMC2699252 -
Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Song E, Lin J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupFixation preference and visual acuity testing in a population-based cohort of preschool children with amblyopia risk factors.
18962921 Ophthalmology, 2009 Jan. : 116(1)145-53 PMCID:PMC2699252 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Smith B, Urata MAmblyogenic anisometropia in the contralateral eye in unicoronal craniosynostosis.
18534879 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2008 Oct. : 12(5)471-6 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Smith B, Urata MAmblyogenic anisometropia in the contralateral eye in unicoronal craniosynostosis.
18534879 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2008 Oct. : 12(5)471-6 -
Borchert M, Wang Y, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter S, Deneen J, Azen S, Varma R, MEPEDS Study GroupTestability of the Retinomax autorefractor and IOLMaster in preschool children: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
18164067 Ophthalmology, 2008 Aug. : 115(8)1422-5, 1425.e1 -
Borchert M, Wang Y, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter S, Deneen J, Azen S, Varma R, MEPEDS Study GroupTestability of the Retinomax autorefractor and IOLMaster in preschool children: the Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
18164067 Ophthalmology, 2008 Aug. : 115(8)1422-5, 1425.e1 -
Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupPrevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
17953989 Ophthalmology, 2008 July : 115(7)1229-1236.e1 -
Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupPrevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
17953989 Ophthalmology, 2008 July : 115(7)1229-1236.e1 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Lin J, Deneen J, Cotter SA, Azen SP, Borchert MS, Wang Y, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupStereoacuity testability in African-American and Hispanic pre-school children.
18317330 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2008 March : 85(3)158-63 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Lin J, Deneen J, Cotter SA, Azen SP, Borchert MS, Wang Y, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupStereoacuity testability in African-American and Hispanic pre-school children.
18317330 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2008 March : 85(3)158-63 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Guyton DLMeasuring dissociated vertical deviations.
18314075 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2008 Feb. : 12(1)105-6; author reply 107 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Guyton DLMeasuring dissociated vertical deviations.
18314075 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2008 Feb. : 12(1)105-6; author reply 107 -
Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Wang Y, Azen SP, Dilauro A, Borchert M, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupVisual acuity testability in African-American and Hispanic children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
17868633 American journal of ophthalmology, 2007 Nov. : 144(5)663-7 PMCID:PMC2099260 -
Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Wang Y, Azen SP, Dilauro A, Borchert M, Varma R, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupVisual acuity testability in African-American and Hispanic children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study.
17868633 American journal of ophthalmology, 2007 Nov. : 144(5)663-7 PMCID:PMC2099260 -
Tarczy-Hornoch KThe epidemiology of early childhood hyperopia.
17299341 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2007 Feb. : 84(2)115-23 -
Tarczy-Hornoch KThe epidemiology of early childhood hyperopia.
17299341 Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2007 Feb. : 84(2)115-23 -
Varma R, Deneen J, Cotter S, Paz SH, Azen SP, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Zhao P, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupThe multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study: design and methods.
16877284 Ophthalmic epidemiology, 2006 Aug. : 13(4)253-62 -
Varma R, Deneen J, Cotter S, Paz SH, Azen SP, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Zhao P, Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study GroupThe multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study: design and methods.
16877284 Ophthalmic epidemiology, 2006 Aug. : 13(4)253-62 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Ying-Lai M, Varma R, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study GroupMyopic refractive error in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
16638990 Investigative ophthalmology and visual science, 2006 May : 47(5)1845-52 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Ying-Lai M, Varma R, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study GroupMyopic refractive error in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
16638990 Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2006 May : 47(5)1845-52 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Ying-Lai M, Varma R, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study GroupMyopic refractive error in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
16638990 Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2006 May : 47(5)1845-52 -
Goldenberg-Cohen N, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Klink DF, Guyton DLPostoperative adjustable surgery of the superior oblique tendon.
15824010 Strabismus, 2005 March : 13(1)5-10 -
Goldenberg-Cohen N, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Klink DF, Guyton DLPostoperative adjustable surgery of the superior oblique tendon.
15824010 Strabismus, 2005 March : 13(1)5-10 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Repka MXSuperior oblique palsy or paresis in pediatric patients.
15088046 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2004 April : 8(2)133-40 -
Tarczy-Hornoch K, Repka MXSuperior oblique palsy or paresis in pediatric patients.
15088046 Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2004 April : 8(2)133-40
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Presentations Title Event Location Date "Refractive Errors in Disorders of Visual Development." The 2010 Stidham Lecture in Pediatric Ophthalmology. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Mar 16, 2010 "Crossing Paths with Evidence-Based Medicine." The 2009 Elizabeth E. Caloroso Lecture in Binocular Vision Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA Jun 14, 2009 "Case Management of Refractive Error in Pre-school Children: Can We Agree?" American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting Anaheim, CA Oct. 2008 Featured Speaker Society of Women Engineers, Women in Engineering, Science and Technology annual conference, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA March 2008 "How Should We Think About Early Childhood Hyperopia?" Department of Ophthalmology Special Seminar University of California, San Francisco July 2007 "Early Intervention for Childhood Hyperopia." Oxyopia Seminar Series, School of Optometry Indiana University, Bloomington, IN Aug. 2006
Overview
- Board Certification(s)
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Ophthalmology
- Medical/Professional School
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University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
University of Oxford, England, Oxford - Clinical Interests
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Disorders of childhood vision development including refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus, eye movement disorders; congenital and acquired structural and functional anomalies in and around the eye in children; ophthalmic manifestations of systemic disease in children, especially craniosynostosis and neurologic and neurosurgical conditions.