Noah felt like he was always hitting the books. While his
friends were meeting for pickup soccer games after school, he was
back home in his room reading and rereading the same material. But
no matter how hard Noah studied, he had difficulty remembering
things and his grades stayed average. Meanwhile, his friend Sean,
who never seemed to study, always aced tests. It didn't seem
fair.
Because Noah was so frustrated, his dad and teachers made an
appointment with the school psychologist. She diagnosed Noah with a
learning disability. Although Noah felt relieved to know what was
going on, he was also worried. He didn't like the
"disability" label. And he was concerned about what it
might mean for his future. Would he be able to go to college and
study engineering as he'd hoped?
What Are Learning Disabilities?
For someone diagnosed with a learning disability, it can seem
scary at first. But a learning disability doesn't have anything
to do with a person's intelligence - after all, such successful
people as Walt Disney, Alexander Graham Bell, and Winston Churchill
all had learning disabilities.
Learning disabilities are problems that affect the brain's
ability to receive, process, analyze, or store information. These
problems can make it difficult for a student to learn as quickly as
someone who isn't affected by learning disabilities. There are
many kinds of learning disabilities. Most students affected by
learning disabilities have more than one kind. Certain kinds of
learning disabilities can interfere with a person's ability to
concentrate or focus and can cause someone's mind to wander too
much. Other learning disabilities can make it difficult for a
student to read, write, spell, or solve math problems.
The way our brains process information is extremely complex -
it's no wonder things can get messed up sometimes. Take the
simple act of looking at a picture, for example: Our brains not
only have to form the lines into an image, they also have to
recognize what the image stands for, relate that image to other
facts stored in our memories, and then store this new information.
It's the same thing with speech - we have to recognize the
words, interpret the meaning, and figure out the significance of
the statement to us. Many of these activities take place in
separate parts of the brain, and it's up to our minds to link
them all together.
If, like Noah, you've been diagnosed with a learning
disability, you're not alone. Nearly four million school-age
children and teens have learning disabilities, and at least 20% of
them have a type of disorder that makes it difficult to focus.
What Are the Signs of Learning Disabilities?
You can't tell by looking that a person has a learning
disability, which can make learning disabilities hard to diagnose.
Learning disabilities typically first show up when a person has
difficulty speaking, reading, writing, figuring out a math problem,
communicating with a parent, or paying attention in class. Some
kids' learning disabilities are diagnosed in grade school when
a parent or a teacher notices a kid can't follow directions for
a game or is struggling to do work he or she should be able to do
easily. But other kids develop sophisticated ways of covering up
their learning issues, so learning disabilities don't show up
until the teen years when schoolwork - and life - gets more
complicated.
Most learning disabilities fall into one of two categories:
verbal and nonverbal.
People with verbal learning disabilities have difficulty with
words, both spoken and written. The most common and best-known
verbal learning disability is
dyslexia
,
which causes people to have trouble recognizing or processing
letters and the sounds associated with them. For this reason,
people with dyslexia have trouble with reading and writing tasks or
assignments.
Some people with verbal learning disabilities may be able to
read or write just fine but they have trouble with other aspects of
language. For example, they may be able to sound out a sentence or
paragraph perfectly, making them good readers, but they can't
relate to the words in ways that will allow them to make sense of
what they're reading (such as forming a picture of a thing or
situation). And some people have trouble with the act of writing as
their brains struggle to control the many things that go into it -
from moving their hand to form letter shapes to remembering the
correct grammar rules involved in writing down a sentence.
People with nonverbal learning disabilities may have difficulty
processing what they see. They may have trouble making sense of
visual details like numbers on a blackboard. Someone with a
nonverbal learning disability may confuse the plus sign with the
sign for division, for example. Some abstract concepts like
fractions may be difficult to master for people with nonverbal
learning disabilities.
A behavioral condition called
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) is often associated with learning disabilities because
people with ADHD may also have a hard time focusing enough to learn
and study. Students with ADHD are often easily distracted and have
trouble concentrating. They may also be excessively active or have
trouble controlling their impulses.
What Causes Them?
No one's exactly sure what causes learning disabilities. But
researchers do have some theories as to why they develop. They
include:
-
Genetic influences.
Experts have noticed that learning disabilities tend to run in
families and they think that heredity may play a role. However,
researchers are still debating whether learning disabilities are,
in fact, genetic, or if they show up in families because kids
learn and model what their parents do.
-
Brain development.
Some experts think that learning disabilities can be traced to
brain development, both before and after birth. For this reason,
problems such as low birth weight, lack of oxygen, or premature
birth may have something to do with learning disabilities. Young
children who receive head injuries may also be at risk of
developing learning disabilities.
-
Environmental impacts.
Infants and young children are susceptible to environmental
toxins (poisons). For example, you may have heard how lead (which
may be found in some old homes in the form of lead paint or lead
water pipes) is sometimes thought to contribute to learning
disabilities. Poor nutrition early in life may also lead to
learning disabilities later in life.
How Do You Know If You Have a Learning Disability?
Just because you have trouble studying for a test doesn't
mean you have a learning disability. There are as many learning
styles as there are individuals. For example, some people learn by
doing and practicing, others learn by listening (such as in class),
and others prefer to read material. Some people are just naturally
slower readers or learners than others, but they still perform well
for their age and abilities. Sometimes, what seems to be a learning
disability is simply a delay in development; the person will
eventually catch up with - and perhaps even surpass - his or her
peers.
But many people with learning disabilities struggle for a long
time before someone realizes that there's a reason they're
having so much trouble learning. For most people in their teen
years, the first telltale sign of most learning disabilities occurs
when they notice that there's a disconnect between how much
they studied for a test and how well they performed. Or it may just
be a feeling a person has that something isn't right. If
you're worried, don't hesitate to share your thoughts with
a parent or a teacher.
The first step in diagnosing a learning disability is ruling out
vision or hearing problems. A person may then work with a
psychologist or learning specialist who will use specific tests to
help diagnose the disability. Often, these can help pinpoint that
person's learning strengths and weaknesses in addition to
revealing a particular learning disability.
Coping With a Learning Disability
Although a diagnosis of a learning disability can feel
upsetting, it's actually the first step in resolving the
condition. Once an expert has pinpointed a person's particular
problem, he or she can then follow strategies or take medicines to
help cope with the disability. And taking steps to manage the
disability can often help restore a student's self-esteem and
confidence.
Some students who have been diagnosed with a learning disability
work with a special teacher or tutor for a few hours a week to
learn special study skills, note-taking strategies, or
organizational techniques that can help them compensate for their
learning disability. If you've been diagnosed with a learning
disability, you may need support just for the subjects that give
you the most trouble. Your school may have a special classroom with
a teacher who is trained to help students overcome learning
problems.
Some schools develop what is called an Individualized Education
Program (or IEP), which helps define a person's learning
strengths and weaknesses and make a plan for the learning
activities that will help the student do his or her best in school.
A student's IEP might include some regular time with a tutor or
in a specialized classroom for a certain subject, or the use of
some special equipment to help with learning, such as books on tape
or laptop computers for students who have dyslexia.
Medication is often prescribed to help students with ADHD. There
are several medicines on the market today to help improve a
student's attention span and ability to focus and to help
control impulses and other hyperactive behavior.
There's no cure for a learning disability. And you don't
outgrow it. But it's never too late to get help. Most people
with learning disabilities learn to adapt to their learning
differences, and they learn strategies that help them accomplish
their goals and dreams.
Reviewed by:
D'Arcy Lyness, PhD
Date reviewed: March 2007
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice,
diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
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